AGSRICUS

                                                             Division – Eumycota

                                                                     Class – Basidomycetes 

                                                                 Order –Agaricales

                                                                           Family – Agericaceae  

                                                                       Genus – Agericus

Occrance : It growth on damp rotten of wood , dead and decaying organic matters. Soil rich in hums in humus and manure piles. It includes many species, the majorities of them being edible. Agericus compestris is the best known species and quite commonly known as field musroom , it is commonly seen growing on grass field and other places rich in humus soil, during rainy season .Being it is cultivated

Structure : The vagetative body is the mycelium when is found growing below ground. The areal frutication basidiocarp is produced at time of reproduction and is called mushroom which is edible porton. The mycelium, when young is haploid and consist of much branched , loosely tangled felt of septal hypage which ramify the substrum just benth the surface .the cell of these hyphae are unicelaute

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Alternaria

                                           Division – Mycota

                                                                      Class – deuteromycetes

                                                                Order –moniliales

                                                                           Family – Dematiaceae

                                                                       Genus – Alternaria

Occorancer : species of alternaria are Saparophytic as well as week parasites Fungus . They are cosmopolitant in distribution in nature. They are found abundantly in house dust and cause of chiffuncai HAY FEVER . alternia solani cause dark leaf spote in brassica species . a triticina cause leaf blight of wheet .

Mycelium is septale . branched and spread to intercellular spaces of the host tissue without historia . it is light brown colour becomes black coloured.

Alternaria , reproduce only by Asexual method by meansof conidia , which are born at the tip of conidiophore. They are short and dark colour . emerge through the stomata or from the death or damage parts of host  leaves. Conidia are borne on the coniodiophore from a bud which is formed on that cell. Conidia are born singly but sometiimes they are formed in chain of two or three . the conidia are large dark colore mostly obclavate , terminating in long , septal , beak

Like structure. The body of conidium is divides into small compartments the conidia vary in size but they are large bottle shapr multicellular with both trsnsverse and longitudnal septaoccring typically. The conidia when mature get deached and are displaced by wind. Under favourable condition conidia germinated readly and five rotten germ tube arise from single conidium 

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Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy, experimental medical treatment that manipulates a gene or genes within cells in order to produce proteins that change the function of those cells. Gene therapy originated in efforts to treat and cure some of the more than 9,000 known genetic disorders, most of which lack an effective therapy. In the United States 1 infant in every 28 is born with a disorder caused by a defect in 1 or more of the estimated 31,000 genes found in the human body. Thousands of children and adolescents die from these diseases each year, and tens of thousands suffer lifelong disability. Although gene therapy is not an approved medical therapy to treat disease, over 400 clinical trials, experiments testing the safety and efficacy of this method on humans, have been conducted in the United States. Scientists expect that within the first decades of the 21st century, gene therapy will offer unprecedented opportunities to treat, cure, and ultimately prevent a vast range of diseases.

The original goal of gene therapy was to substitute a healthy gene for a defective one, or to repair a faulty gene, thereby eliminating symptoms of disease. But researchers have moved beyond inherited genetic disorders to treat other kinds of diseases. Today, nearly 75 percent of all clinical trials involving gene therapy are aimed at treatments for cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cancer begins in genes and may be caused by an inherited defect or a mutation (permanent alteration to a gene) that causes a cell to malfunction. AIDS is caused by a virus that disrupts the genetic material of immune cells. Other new gene therapy projects are targeted at conditions such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, all of which involve genetic susceptibility to illness. Gene therapists hope to reduce or eliminate this susceptibility. Eventually, gene therapy might help older people to regain strength in withered muscles and density in thinned bones, and to increase pumping power in their aging hearts. Some researchers predict that in the distant future the technology could be used to eliminate genetic defects from families or even to produce “designer babies” with more muscle strength, higher intelligence, sweeter dispositions, or whatever traits parents desire.

Although gene therapy offers seemingly limitless possibilities, researchers have been thwarted by many technical problems. There has only been one successful clinical trial using gene therapy—in April 2000 French researchers reported the successful use of gene therapy to treat two female infants with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), a deadly inherited disease that impairs the immune system. But even this success was marred when each child later developed a rare leukemia-like illness, thought to be a result of gene therapy. Most clinical trials of gene therapy have not resulted in enough improvement in the patient’s underlying condition to consider it an unqualified success and to justify treating large numbers of people. The extraordinary potential of gene therapy has also raised alarms among critics who warn that the technology could go too far. They note, for example, that gene therapy could offer wealthy families opportunities for genetic enhancement unavailable to the poor. More troubling still for some critics is gene therapy's potential to narrow the human gene pool, producing unknown, and possibly harmful, consequences.

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Tiger

Tiger, largest member of the cat family and the only wild cat with striped fur. Perfectly designed predators, tigers possess beauty, grace, and awesome power. Their presence in the wild, revealed by a throaty roar or a track on a dusty trail, electrifies the forest and sends shivers down the spines of all who share its space. Humans admire tigers as much as they fear them, and the animals figure prominently in Asian myths, religions, arts, and imagination. Tigers were once found throughout the forested regions of tropical and temperate Asia. Excessive hunting and destruction of tiger habitat have now narrowed the tiger’s range to a few isolated patches throughout Asia. Many people have organized local and international conservation organizations to prevent tigers from becoming extinct.
                              

Among the 36 cat species, tigers are most closely related to lions, leopards, and jaguars. These cats evolved from a common ancestor that was probably similar to modern leopards or jaguars and lived more than 5 million years ago. The earliest fossils clearly identified as those of tigers are about 2 million years old. These fossils were found in central Asia, eastern and northern China, Siberia, Japan, Sumatra, and Java. Based on fossils dating from 300,000 to 10,000 years ago, some scientists think that tigers may have ranged into present-day Alaska via the Bering land bridge that once joined Alaska and Siberia during the last glaciation in the Pleistocene Epoch. Other scientists believe that the big cat fossils found in Alaska all belong to lions.

Scientists use a variety of methods to study the behavior of tigers and track their movements. Radio tracking was first used to track tigers in Nepal in 1973. In this method, a collar with an attached radio transmitter is placed around the neck of a tiger. Scientists monitor the radio transmissions as the tiger travels, tracking the tiger’s whereabouts to learn about its range, life history, and behaviors. More recently, scientists have set up camera traps that are triggered by an infrared beam. When a tiger crosses the infrared beam, the camera snaps a shot of the tiger, recording the date and time the photograph was taken. The tiger’s unique stripes help identify the animal, and when the same animal triggers other camera traps, the photo archives enable scientists to gather information about the tiger’s movements. This method helps scientists estimate tiger numbers in the wild.

An adult tiger defends a large area from all other tigers of the same sex. A female’s territory must contain enough prey to support herself and her cubs. A male’s territory is typically larger than a female’s territory—in addition to containing enough prey, the male’s territory typically overlaps with those of one to seven females in order to have access to females with which to mate.

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